Author: Anneli

Posted on by — Leave a comment

Advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber

Strengths and weaknesses

(1) The communication capacity is large and the transmission distance is long; the potential bandwidth of an optical fiber can reach 20THz. With such a bandwidth, it takes
only one second or so to transfer all the texts of human beings from all over the world. The 400Gbit/s system has been put into commercial use. The loss of the fiber is
extremely low. At a wavelength of about 1.55 μm, the loss of the quartz fiber can be less than 0.2 dB/km, which is lower than the loss of any transmission medium. Therefore,
the non-relay transmission distance can reach tens or even hundreds of kilometers.
(2) The signal interference is small and the security performance is good;
(3) Anti-electromagnetic interference and good transmission quality, electrical communication cannot solve various electromagnetic interference problems, only optical fiber
communication is not subject to various electromagnetic interference.
(4) The fiber is small in size and light in weight, which is easy to lay and transport;
(5) Rich sources of materials and good environmental protection are conducive to the conservation of non-ferrous metal copper.
(6) No radiation, it is difficult to eavesdrop, because the light wave transmitted by the fiber cannot run out of the fiber.
(7) The optical cable has a strong adaptability and long service life.
(8) The texture is brittle and the mechanical strength is poor.
(9) Cutting and joining of optical fibers requires certain tools, equipment, and techniques.
(10) The branching and coupling are not flexible.
(11) The bending radius of the fiber optic cable should not be too small (>20cm)
(12) There is a problem of power supply difficulties.
A communication method that uses light waves to transmit information in optical fibers. Because the laser has high directionality, high coherence, high monochromaticity
and other significant advantages, the optical wave in optical fiber communication is mainly laser, so it is also called laser-fiber communication.

Disclaimer: All information indicated as other sources is transferred from other platforms, the purpose is to convey more information, does not represent the views and

positions of this site. Please contact us if there is any infringement or objection.

Posted on by — Leave a comment

Comparison of fiber optic patch cords OM1, OM2, OM3 and OM4

As is well known, “OM” stands for optical multi-mode, that is, optical mode is a standard for multimode fiber to represent fiber grade. The bandwidth and maximum distance are different when transmitting at different levels, but there are often friends who have doubts about the difference between the optical fiber jumpers OM1, OM2, OM3, and OM4. Let Xiaobian explain the fiber jumpers OM1 and OM2 for everyone. The difference between OM3 and OM4.

LC-LC OM4 Duplex Fiber Cable

What is the difference between fiber optic patch cords OM1, OM2, OM3, and OM4?

1. Comparison of parameters and specifications of OM1, OM2, OM3 and OM4 fibers

1. OM1 refers to a 50um or 62.5um core-diameter multimode fiber with a full injection bandwidth of 200/500MHz.km at 850/1300nm;

2. OM2 refers to a 50um or 62.5um core-diameter multimode fiber with a full injection bandwidth of 500/500MHz.km at 850/1300nm;

3. OM3 is an 850nm laser-optimized 50um core-diameter multimode fiber. In 10Gb/s Ethernet with 850nm VCSEL, the fiber transmission distance can reach 300m.

4. OM4 is an upgraded version of OM3 multimode fiber, and the fiber transmission distance can reach 550m.

Second, the design comparison of OM1, OM2, OM3, and OM4 fiber

1. The traditional OM1 and OM2 multimode optical fibers are based on LED (Light Emitting Diode) as the basic light source, and OM3 and OM4 are optimized on the basis of OM2, making them suitable for the light source. For the transmission of LD (Laser Diode);

2. Compared with OM1 and OM2, OM3 has a higher transmission rate and bandwidth, so it is called optimized multimode fiber or 10G multimode fiber;

3, OM4 re-optimized on the basis of OM3, with better performance.

Third, the function and characteristics of OM1, OM2, OM3, and OM4 fiber

1. OM1: large core diameter and numerical aperture, strong light collecting ability and bending resistance;

2, OM2: core diameter and numerical aperture are relatively small, effectively reducing the mode dispersion of multimode fiber so that the bandwidth is significantly increased, the production cost is also reduced by 1/3;

3, OM3: the use of flame-retardant skin, can prevent the spread of flame, prevent the emission of smoke, acid gases, and toxic gases, and meet the needs of 10 GB / s transmission rate;

4. OM4: Developed for VSCEL laser transmission, the effective bandwidth is more than double that of OM3.

Fourth, the application comparison of OM1, OM2, OM3, and OM4 fiber

1. OM1 and OM2 have been widely deployed in buildings for many years, supporting Ethernet transmission with a maximum of 1GB;

2, OM3 and OM4 fiber optic cable is usually used in the hiring environment of the data center, supporting the transmission of 10G or even 40/100G high-speed Ethernet road.

5. When do you use OM3 fiber jumpers?

OM3 fiber is designed to work with VCSEL and meets the ISO/IEC11801-2nd OM-3 fiber specification to meet the needs of 10 Gigabit Ethernet applications. There are many types of OM3 fiber, including indoor type, indoor/outdoor versatility, etc. The number of cores of the fiber is from 4 cores to 48 cores. It also supports all applications based on older multimode 50/125 fiber, including support for LED sources and laser sources.

1. The transmission distance of Gigabit Ethernet using OM3 fiber system can be extended to 900 meters, which means that users do not have to use expensive laser devices when the distance between buildings is more than 550 meters.

2. Within the distance of 2000 meters, standard 62.5/125μm multimode fiber can be used in all cases within the OC-12 (622Mb/s) rate range, and single-mode fiber will be used. However, the emergence of OM3 multimode fiber has changed this situation. Since OM3 fiber can increase the transmission distance of Gigabit and 10 Gigabit systems, the use of 850 nm wavelength optical module in conjunction with VCSEL will be the most cost-effective cabling solution.

3. When the link length exceeds 1000 meters, single-mode fiber is still the only choice. Single-mode fiber can achieve 5 km transmission distance at 1310 nm in Gigabit system, and 10 km in 10 Gigabit system. Transmission distance.

4. When the link length is less than or equal to 1000 meters, OM3 50μm multimode fiber can be used in the Gigabit system, and single-mode fiber should be used in the 10G system.

5. When the link length is less than 300 meters, OM3 multimode fiber can be applied to any Gigabit and 10 Gigabit systems.

6. When do you use OM4 fiber patch cords?

For a typical link, the cost of an optical module is about expensive. Although single-mode fiber is cheaper than multimode fiber, the use of single-mode fiber requires a very expensive 1300nm optical module, which costs about 2-3 times that of an 850nm multimode optical module. In general, a multimode fiber The system cost is much lower than that of a single-mode fiber system.

When investing in fiber-optic cabling, if you can consider adding some initial investment in wiring, using better multimode fiber, such as OM4 fiber, you can ensure that the current multi-mode fiber technology is fully utilized to reduce the overall cost of the current system; When upgrading to higher speed systems, such as 40G and 100G, OM4 is still available and will be more cost-effective.

In summary, when the transmission rate is greater than 1 Gb/s, the use of multimode fiber is a good system choice. When the system requires a higher transmission rate, the following are the guidelines for our choice of OM4 fiber:

1. For Ethernet users, the transmission distance can reach 300m to 600m in 10Gb/s system transmission; in 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s systems, the transmission distance is 100m to 125m.

2. For campus network users, OM4 fiber will support 4Gb/s fiber link length of 400m, 8Gb/s fiber link length of 200m or 16Gb/s fiber link length of 130m.

to sum up

Multimode fiber technology has evolved from OM1 multimode to OM4, which now supports 10Gbps, which will give users the most effective return on investment and become the best choice for backbone cabling or fiber to the desktop. After reading this article, I believe I have already answered your questions about the difference between the fiber jumpers OM1, OM2, OM3, and OM4.

Disclaimer: All information indicated as other sources is transferred from other platforms, the purpose is to convey more information, does not represent the views and positions of this site. Please contact us if there is any infringement or objection.

Posted on by — Leave a comment

Carrier’s SDN and NFV Road under Network Reconfiguration

Recently, there have been rumors that China Telecom and China Unicom are about to merge. Foreign media speculate that the merger of the two operators is to accelerate the launch of 5G. Although the subsequent merger rumors have been denied by both China Unicom and China Telecom, the rise of new concepts and technologies such as 5G, SDN and NFV is profoundly affecting the network communication market and promoting the market participants in the technical architecture and organizational system represented by operators. Rapid changes, in the current diversified user needs, the transformation and reconstruction of the global network is the trend and unstoppable.

If the arrival of 5G is the catalyst for the merger of operators, then SDN/NFV is the only way for operators to move toward transformation. It is foreseeable that a new era of the network is coming soon. Domestic and foreign operators have laid out SDN and NFV in order to adapt to the trend and self-innovation and win more development space.

It is no accident that operators introduce SDN and NFV

With the scale of emerging information technology business applications such as cloud computing and big data, the demand for new business applications is increasing, flexibility, scalability, and ease of use become the basic capabilities that operators must have in their future networks. The ability to self-service virtual networks on demand will be the key to future networks. Therefore, the emergence of SDN and NFV technology has quickly become the focus of operators.

SDN, a software-defined network, which was born on the campus network, is a network virtualization (NV) technology that uses standard protocols (such as OpenFlow) to separate the control plane of network devices from the data plane. Software implementation. NFV, the virtualization of network functions, was created by service providers to enable flexible network capabilities through IT virtualization technology, using industry-standard high-capacity servers, storage and switches to carry a wide range of network software functions. Configuration to improve the uniformity, generalization, and adaptability of network devices, speed up network deployment and adjustment, and reduce the complexity of service deployment.

SDN provides the management and orchestration tools needed for increasingly complex and highly virtualized networks. For operators, SDN can create efficiencies associated with spectrum and network resource allocation, as well as manual levels of operation directly related to labor costs. For operators of enterprise services, SDN brings the inherent flexibility and scalability that companies need to benefit from creating new services.

According to the definition of ETSI, NFV aims to change the way network operators build networks by developing standard IT virtualization technologies. Compared to networks built with traditional network equipment, NFV will provide a high-performance network with greater scalability, resiliency and adaptability at a lower cost. NFV is a highly complementary SDN. NFV can reduce operators’ CAPEX and OPEX by reducing equipment costs and reducing power consumption. NFV also reduces deployment time and provides greater flexibility to scale or shrink services.

The emergence of SDN and NFV can well (or most promisingly) solve the dilemma faced by current network (telecom) operators – such as poor network flexibility, high networking costs, complex management, large operation and maintenance, new Business is slow and so on.

Carrier SDN/NFV road, development, and challenges coexist

At present, almost all major operators, equipment vendors, and Internet companies all over the world are conducting research and deployment of SDN/NFV. Major international organizations are also making efforts to promote the development of relevant standards, but SDN/NFV is still in the initial stage of technology application. The large-scale application of the carrier network also faces many challenges.

The first is the challenge of operations and talent. SDN/NFV has a great impact on the telecom operation system. It is difficult for the operator’s existing operating system and human resources to adapt to the SDN/NFV network operation requirements;

The second is the networking and technical challenges. As far as SDN is concerned, the main challenges at present are concentrated on networking problems of SDN controllers in large networks, security issues of SDN controllers, standards and interworking, and performance of IT hardware devices. Specifically:

1. Challenges faced by interface/protocol standardization. The SDN standardization organization ONF emphasizes that OpenFlow is no longer the only southbound interface, and the northbound interface is mainly RESTful. Each interface is implemented by means of IT ideas and using models/templates. Manufacturers only need to publish their own models to achieve interoperability. control. Both VMware and OpenStack are implementation systems of SDN in the application layer. They are independent of each other and have advantages, such as Android and IOS for mobile operating systems. Therefore, whether the SDN standard system can be unified or not is still controversial. .

2. Security challenges. As the implementation part of the centralized control of the network, the core controller of the SDN network may have security problems such as excessive load, single point failure, and vulnerability to network attacks. This requires establishing a complete set of isolation, protection, and backup mechanisms to ensure the entire system. Safe and stable operation. But for now, there is still a lack of systematic solutions.

3. The control architecture system of SDN centralized control concept is not unified. The division of the control architecture hierarchy and the composition of the control plane need to be further studied and clarified. It is very important that the SDN control plane grasps the resources of the global network. The performance of the control plane directly affects the performance of the overall network. Networks in different professional categories need to be composed of professional and general purpose controllers as needed. In the implementation of the controller, there are cases where the hierarchical structure of the controllers in different domains of the network is different. For example, the mobile core network adopts a three-layer architecture and the data center adopts a single-layer architecture. At present, there are many options for the southbound interface, such as OpenFlow, BGP, SNMP, etc. The northbound interface can select different interfaces according to different scenarios, and there is no unified consensus on the east-west interface that has just been researched.

For many operators, large-scale deployment of NFV is very complicated and difficult. The breadth of architecture and the number of different components make the design, build, and support extremely challenging. The NFV must be integrated into the existing network infrastructure and linked to the operating system. Lack of mature standards and “blueprints” for NFV implementation will continue to hamper deployment. With labs, proof of concept, field trials, and comprehensive solutions in production networks, it can take years to complete an NFV deployment.

NFV involves a variety of technologies that are still evolving. Most of them are different from telecom operators. Operators who can leverage enterprise/IT departments with cloud experience will have an advantage in implementing NFV, but even if they find it difficult to keep up with the pace of change. Cloud technology needs to be fully implemented, not sequential or only partially, which complicates the challenge.

NFV operations are fundamentally different from traditional network operations. Operators must borrow a large amount of IT during design operations and make telecom-specific adjustments. The pioneers of NFV operations are taking their own path. They are developing proprietary features and rotating them regularly to address their concerns. This has led to fragmentation and uncertainty in the markets of suppliers and other operators that require a “standard” blueprint.

The development of future information will be oriented to the cloud computing network with SDN/NFV as the core. At present, the structure of the telecom network architecture has been affected by the virtualization and software of the network. Operators are faced with standardization, device development and application deployment. challenge.

Status of SDN and NFV deployment of operators at home and abroad

SDN and NFV have been hot topics in the telecommunications industry for many years, but there are still significant differences between speculation levels and actual real-time deployments. It is predicted that the growth rate of global telecom operators will slow down in the next few years. In particular, the growth of mobile services that will drive operators’ revenue this year will also usher in the ceiling. The mode of relying solely on investment to drive growth will be difficult. The following is an inventory of the status of SDN and NFV deployments of domestic and foreign operators.

AT&T was an early promoter of the Domain 2.0 NFV/SDN program, which evolved into Enhanced Management, Control, Orchestration and Strategy (ECOMP) software. ECOMP was later integrated with Huawei’s OPEN-O software and then offered as open source software through the Linux Foundation under the new name Open Network Automation Platform (ONAP). In a post on the AT&T Innovation Blog in March this year, Chris Rice, senior vice president of architecture and design for Domain 2.0, noted that the carrier achieved 55% of network virtualization and software control in 2017 and plans to ship the software by 2020. The control rate is increased to 75%, reaching the “core network function.” He also plans to link the commercialization of 5G with the need to deploy SDN and NFV on the network.

In 2016, China Telecom announced the CTNet2025 program, hoping to create a new network that is simple, agile, open and intensive in about 10 years. After almost two years, China Telecom has achieved certain results in the technical exploration and application deployment of SDN and NFV. In terms of SDN technology, China Telecom is based on a self-developed collaborative orchestration system, which ensures the end-to-end capability of the network through the orchestrator in cooperation with controllers of different vendors and compatible with various network protocols of the existing network. In terms of NFV technology, China Telecom adhered to the requirements of deep decoupling deployment, and independently developed two key components such as NFVO and VIM in MANO system, which promoted NFV to the existing network.

China Mobile has joined ONF in SDN in 2013. It has made important contributions in the areas of SDN architecture, carrier applications, OpenFlow standards, information model development, data center/transport network, etc. Mobile requirements for SDN, technical frameworks, interface specifications, etc. are written to relevant standards. In addition, China Mobile led the establishment of the Carrier-Grade SDN Working Group to promote the application of SDN in the carrier network. At the same time, CCSA is also an important position for China Mobile to promote SDN standardization. China Mobile has participated in the formulation of multiple standards such as architecture, data center, and vBRAS. In terms of NFV, China Mobile took the lead in setting up the OPEN-O open source organization in 2016 and released the SUN version in November 2016. The SUN version created the de facto Stage3 standard based on the MANO interface of IETF Stage2, which was developed for the IETF Stage3 MANO standard. It laid the foundation. In addition, China Mobile also promoted the development of NFV-related standardization in CCSA and led the establishment of various standards including overall technical requirements, MANO, and hardware.

In order to seize the technological change opportunities brought by SDN/NFV, China Unicom has launched the CUBE-Net 2.0 strategy and is more proactive in responding to its challenges to operators. On the one hand, China Unicom actively participates in relevant standards organizations such as ITU, 3GPP, ETSI NFV, IETF, and actively participates in open source communities such as OPNFV and ODL. Especially in the board of directors of the two open source communities of ONOS and CORD, which are the only operators in China, work closely with all parties to promote the further maturity of standards and open source software. In addition, Unicom is actively working closely with large-scale mainstream equipment manufacturers to establish an SDN/NFV Innovation Center. At the same time, China Unicom also fed back the research and development and test results related to SDN/NFV to various industrial chains, and also promoted the development of related industrial chains.

Verizon is investing in NFV to reduce costs, increase network flexibility and agility, and reduce professional network operations staff. The company is building a common OpenStack platform for the company to run VNF (virtual network capabilities) and other internal applications. OpenStack components are being adapted to the needs of operators, and Verizon says they can now improve on high availability, SR-IOV and DPDK support, NUMA memory and scheduling, and SSD as a cache.

On SDN, Verizon is responding to the rapid migration of enterprise customers to the cloud and the growing demand for virtualization services in 2009. Verizon is integrating Versa Networks’ cloud IP platform into Verizon’s new software-defined security branch (SD-Branch) management. To expand its Software Defined Network (SDN) platform services. In 2018 Verizon and Colt used SDN Orchestration to control each other’s networks. In the same year, Verizon brought the SDN seed to the campus network structure in the wireless network, and launched its software wireless local area network (SD WLAN) for the first time, reflecting the development of the wireless ecosystem. Earlier this year, Verizon began offering software-defined networking (SDN) coverage, which is expected to continue until the end of next year. At that time, Verizon plans to manage all its edge routers by running centralized controller software on x86 servers. Cisco and Juniper Networks are helping to build the Verizon SDN infrastructure.

NTT Communications won the best NFV/SDN implementation and the most innovative IoT project at the 2018 Asia Telecom Awards. In NFV, NTT Communications hopes that the NFV platform will be able to combine NFV services between distributed heterogeneous sites. Mainly carrier networks, cloud and user sites. NTT Communications deployed a number of proofs-of-concept to build the same architecture and topology as the commercial ISP backbone and cloud services. NTT will introduce OpenStack-based VVF NFV services to its enterprise customers, including managed network features such as firewalls and load balancers. Customers can change their network topology by adding and separating VNFs.

Deutsche Telekom (DT) announced the development of an unattended network at the 2017 SDN NFV World Congress and urged the telecommunications industry to jointly develop a common approach to automation. The ultimate goal is to be able to run applications as microservices on their network and use automation to eliminate unnecessary complexity. In the same year, Deutsche Telekom joined the Open Network Foundation (ONF) as a formal partner. Deutsche Telekom (DT) is investing in OpenStack as a platform for NFV. With NFV technology, DT can quickly deploy and scale or scale virtual network functions without new investments in hardware. In March 2015, DT announced the first NFV workload to run OpenStack, a cloud VPN service available in Croatia, Slovakia, and Hungary.

SK Telecom focuses on the virtualization of traditional telecom network functions such as IMS and EPC for flexible scale-out and service traffic explosion control. These VNFs are used to provide customer-specific, dedicated multi-tenant telecommunications services by coordinating the service chain. VNF also improves service quality and reliability through resilient VNF resource management and load balancing control. SK Telecom’s network research and development center successfully deployed some of its IMS services as vIMS in OpenStack’s commercial operating environment and has successfully operated. Mobile operators will soon commercialize more of their IMS services into vIMS and put them into production. SK Telecom hopes to realize the advantages of NFV through OpenStack, reduce service downtime and costs, and improve network utilization through automation, creating more business opportunities through flexible and programmable infrastructure, enabling the company to target a variety of business and technology choices.

In 2017, SK Telecom created its own internal NFV MANO, which plans to first apply T-MANO to its virtual router for high-definition voice services. It then applies T-MANO to virtualized LTE and add-on devices, including multimedia messaging service (MMS) servers. SK Telecom has deployed virtual EPC in 80% of new EPC deployments. Starting in 2019, it will deploy only virtual EPCs in the network.

At the 2017 SDN NFV World Congress, KT demonstrated the commercialization of “SDN (Software Defined Network) Solutions” and “NFV (Network Function Virtualization) Solutions”. KT’s “SDN Solution” is a fully automated solution that works not only through dedicated line services but also on the network, IP and cloud services so that it can simultaneously control the entire ICT infrastructure. By converging automation and intelligence, SDN solutions can build a system that delivers on-demand service and instant failure recovery. In addition, KT’s “NFV Solution” is based on NFV technology, which allows real-time remote control through the use of virtualized switches, virtualized firewalls, VPNs, etc., to provide customers with a secure environment without the need for a network security administrator.

KT is currently developing a software-defined infrastructure with its own technology. Here, integrated core technologies such as KT SDN-based network virtualization, cloud computing, intelligent operation automation, etc. This year, KT plans to apply the SDN solution to KOREN, which was released at the 2017 SDN / NFV World Congress.

The history of the KT SDN solution:

  • 2015: Launch of T-SDN at the 2015 SDN / NFV World Congress
  • 2016: 2016 commercial T-SDN
  • 2017: Full implementation of SDN / NFV transformation in 2017
  • 2017-2020: Development of SDI and T-SDN, IP-SDN and controller layout for (at least) 100G UWB networks

Colt was the first to introduce services based on SDN and NFV technologies, and launched DCNet as a service product in October 2015, adding SD-WAN and Ethernet on-demand services in the following six months. On the technical side, Colt is currently deploying the “Packet SDN IQ Network.” Colt is also working on optical SDN technology with the goal of developing a “completely decomposed, software-controlled optical transport network.” This year Colt’s SDN program is being promoted in the Asia Pacific region, and Colt is now offering SD-WAN solutions in the Asia Pacific and North America, expanding from the European core. These SD-WAN features are combined with NFV services, and Colt provides services through universal CPE and access options from Colt’s own fiber to the third-party Internet to 3G/4G wireless links. The company has officially launched an on-demand network service at the Southeast Asia Center in Singapore.

In June 2018, BT announced the launch of a new software-defined wide area network (SD-WAN) management service using Cisco technology. The release further expands BT’s enterprise customers’ choice of Cisco-based software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) solutions.

BT Connect Cisco SD-WAN provides customers with a clear view of WAN traffic, enabling them to optimize traffic to meet business needs. BT also said it will further strengthen BT’s strategic partnership with Cisco. Just a few months ago, the company announced plans to add two new Cisco-based solutions to its portfolio: a customer office equipment virtualization solution managed by BT (BT Connect Edge) and another integration of BT and Cisco. Network automation and orchestration software platform for BT Connect Services platform. In addition to future versions of the Cisco program, BT will also invest in a functional plan for managed services.

CenturyLink has adopted a very different approach in its third-generation NFV/SDN deployment, which focuses on reducing the complexity of the network and enabling new services and infrastructure to be developed and expanded faster. CenturyLink’s first generation of virtualization was very simple, adding choreography to the second generation. CenturyLink’s NFV/SDN engineering team has been using agile software development methods to handle all infrastructure, not using traditional methods to integrate new things into old things, and they are working together to simplify software engineering and increase internal speed. Secondly, CenturyLink has implemented SDN in various parts of its network, and about 60% of the company’s core websites are running NFV and SDN services. And the company emphasizes the need to strengthen cooperation with traditional telecom providers in the NFV and SDN sectors, such as Ericsson, Cisco, ITE, etc.

Since its inception in 2014, Orange has been involved in the OPNFV project hosted by the Linux Foundation, contributing to the testing and interoperability of open NFV architecture, VNF/service entry, and operational simplification. Introducing Orange Easy GoNetwork, a Network as a Service (NaaS) offering for NFV use cases, Orange Business Services provides connectivity to branch offices or remote sites in 75 countries. At the 2017 SDN/NFV World Congress, Orange introduced their vCDN field trials, which successfully delivered live streaming video to their customers.

Comcast has joined the OpenDaylight project in 2015 to drive network automation and programmability for SDN and NFV. At the 2016 Open Network Summit, the company emphasized that Comcast has moved from a cable company to a network company. Comcast’s vision for SDN and NFV applications is:

  • Overlay Networks: Comcast’s approach is to apply SDN technology to Overlay Networks, build L2/L3 VPNs for end customers, and use service chains to implement services, dynamically introducing network elements and extending them flexible.
  • Network automation: The goal is that the network is programmable and intelligent while requiring minimal manual operations.
  • Merchant Silicon: Focusing on Segment Routing while reducing the use of MPLS by leveraging commercial chips to simplify core and edge networks.
  • Telemetry and Analysis: Apply big data and machine learning principles to software-defined networks and enable intelligent networks.

Altice partnered with Cisco in February 2017 to develop a long-term project to build the overall Network Function Virtualization (NFV) platform. By virtualizing key network capabilities, Altice will be able to accelerate time-to-market for new services worldwide. Altice’s French subsidiary SFR has been leading the transition to mobile packet core infrastructure, and its NFV platform architecture is designed to support multiple vendors. The SFR solution was designed by Cisco and Red Hat and is based on the Red Hat OpenStack platform, which combines Cisco’s networking, virtualization and data center computing solutions.

In February of this year, SFR said at the Mobile World Congress that it is deploying Cisco’s Network Service Coordinator (NSO). With Cisco NSO, SFR can gain the business benefits of SDN and intent-based networks, such as speed, flexibility, risk reduction, and continuity. Compliance and more.

In May 2017, Sprint announced the launch of C3PO, an open source NFV/SDN mobile core-based reference solution designed to dramatically improve the performance of the network core by providing a clean, simplified, high-performance data plane for the packet core. For NFV, Sprint is committed to deploying open source software on standards-based hardware to provide a more flexible, innovative and cost-effective network that supports ultra-high data speeds, ultra-low latency, and automated 5G requirements.

In September 2017, Sprint built a virtual core that replaced an independent bare metal platform with an NFV infrastructure (NFVI). The virtual core uses the operator’s Virtualization Evolved Packet Core (VEPC) and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) as Virtual Network Functions (VNF).

Telecom Italia partnered with Juniper in 2014 to migrate its network to SDN/NFV technology. Telecom Italia will deploy Juniper’s MX Series 3D Universal Edge Router on its service PoP infrastructure. This solution will be used as a generic SND gateway to connect physical and virtual networks. Telecom Italia is also experimenting with Juniper’s Contrail SDN and NFV controllers and OpenStack, which is said to integrate virtual and physical network functions. In December 2015, Nokia Telecom Italy launched a global initiative to inject innovation into the telecommunications ecosystem. The two companies signed MoU on technology reconnaissance for innovative startups to identify potential partnerships in mutually agreed areas such as NFV, SDN, RAN Evolution, and next-generation SON. The goal of Telecom Italia is to continue to advance SDN and NFV technologies, build more NFV sites, virtualize its wireless access network and deploy NFV coordinators.

With its Unica strategy, Telefónica has been on the road to virtualization for more than four years and began implementing virtualization in its international network in early 2016, when it deployed Nokia’s virtual router technology. Telefónica uses four different Virtual Network Feature Providers (VNFs) to demonstrate its determination to pursue true multi-vendors. Huawei provides virtualization evolution packet core technology in Argentina and Peru, and ZTE launched virtualization IMS (Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem) in Peru. At the same time, Nokia announced on November 16 that it supported Unica’s virtualization service router, while Telefónica’s Colombian subsidiary is using Ericsson’s virtual IMS.

In May of this year, NETSCOUT announced that Telefónica has certified virtualization solutions vSCOUT and vSTREAM to deploy its UNICA Lab architecture to support future networks based on NFV/SDN technology.

Looking to the future

SDN/NFV is not only a technology driver but also the only way for operators. But in the face of the impact of traffic, the impact of new business, one side is the immature technology, the other side is the strong demand of the market, operators will sometimes be overwhelmed. But in any case, the market is demanding that operators must have more efficient and lower-cost operations.

SDN/NFV has a disruptive impact on the industry and within the company itself. However, operators can use this as an opportunity to reshape themselves from the aspects of the organization, product direction, technology reserve, and corporate culture.

Article source: https://www.sdnlab.com

Posted on by — Leave a comment

Do you know these ways to clean fiber cable and fiber accessories?

With the development of scientific and technological technology, “optical fiber into the household”, “smart city” and other projects, optical fiber and fiber optic accessories are more and more widely used. But there are always minor problems in fiber optic accessories, and these little problems don’t seem to matter. But if there is an “in case”, the price to be brought to us will be enormous. Therefore, regardless of the consideration, we need to minimize the risk.

If a friend who has just come into contact with fiber optic products will have questions, fiber optic products already have a dust cover, why do you need to clean them before testing and using them? Here’s a look at it: Fiber optic connectors, jumpers, tail fibers, and adapters all carry dust caps when they are shipped. The effect of the dust cap in addition to ensuring that the connector is clean, the main purpose is to protect the fiber connector end surface, to avoid direct contact with the connector end surface and damage the connector. Dust caps can only be removed if they are installed, tested, and used. Once the dust cap is removed, the fiber optic connector must be coupled with another clean fiber connector.

As a result, it would be wrong to assume that “there is a dust cap protection that does not need to be cleaned before use”. Because it is not possible to determine whether the end surface is clean before the dust cap is covered, the dust cap itself must be clean. Good construction habits require that fiber optic connectors be cleaned even if a dust cap exists. When a fiber link is finished testing, install the dust cap immediately, otherwise, the link must be re-tested before use.

As far as the current situation is concerned, the main way of optical fiber cleaning is the use of alcohol and non-woven cleaning, you can choose ordinary industrial alcohol, with non-fiber sponge paper or non-woven cloth wipe. In addition, you can also choose optical fiber cleaning liquid, professional fiber cleaning liquid with non-toxic, tasteless, flame retardant, insulation, rapid evaporation, and other characteristics, the price is higher than alcohol, suitable for use in the machine room has been put into use, as well as the environment requirements are relatively high occasions.

Posted on by — Leave a comment

Digi Fibra, how cheap is it expensive?

Digi Fibra, how cheap is it expensive?

Last September the operator specialized in the Romanian collective in Spain gave the starting signal to its fiber offer, 500 megabytes for only 30 euros per month. Thirty days later, the company has a representative number of customers who are starting to give feedback on their feelings after trying the service. Is cheap expensive? Worth? Below we will review the comments that have come to the writing of ADSLZone.

The fixed broadband market has a new partner, its name is Digi and for many months we have been commenting that it is an operator that is gaining weight in the sector thanks to its good performance in the mobile market. In June, for example, the company came to step on the heels of MasMóvil in mobile portability and is a trend that has been repeated throughout the year. Already present in the fixed broadband market, the war to gain a foothold in the sector seems to be much more complicated.

CG NAT, a serious disadvantage

The first important handicap when hiring fiber with Digi is that the operator has decided to use CG-NAT. The vast majority of users do not know what it means or what it implies, so a few days ago we explained the disadvantages that customers who are navigating with this limitation have. The fiber ” low cost ” operator also applies its cost-saving policy when buying IP addresses and this generates problems when playing online (higher latency or ping) or the inability to open ports, something basic if we want to use different applications. To give an example, if you download BitTorrent you will do it much slower than in other operators because the ports will be closed. This is a problem that ADSL routers had in the past when they were configured in multi-project. The good news is that you could always open your configuration modified; in Digi, it is not possible.

Poor customer service

The first “reviews” of customers indicate that the operator has a significant impact on technical service. ” The people who attend do not speak Spanish correctly, sometimes it is even complicated to understand them and the audio quality is also absent in the more than five calls I have made, ” they tell us. “They also do not have any kind of technical knowledge, when they are asked about the CG NAT or the impossibility of opening ports, they do not understand anything .” Problems have also been reported when receiving SIMS cards, and that is that the messaging and logistics system used by the operator is not up to its competitors.

Speed/quality of service

We already explained that Digi uses the Movistar network and for the moment the first reports we are collecting in Testdevelocidad.es indicate that the majority of users navigate at an adequate speed. What we have collected have been complaints from some customers who have reported problems with connection cuts at different times. Something strange if we take into account that fiber optics is a technology that is not like ADSL, sensitive to an infinity of external factors.

Having said that, we have just opened the Digi Forum, dedicated especially to collecting impressions, doubts, problems, and complaints about the new fiber operator. We invite you to come and share your impressions with the community, then we will transfer the feedback to the company so that it can strive to improve its service.

Article source: https://www.adslzone.net

Posted on by — Leave a comment

The War of broadband: MásMóvil shoots up and Movistar resists

The war for fixed broadband resulted in an increase in the market of 570,749 lines in a year, according to the CNMC data referring to the telecommunications market in December 2017. This means that at the end of last year they registered 14.3 million lines, a growth of 4.1% in one year.

By operators, MásMóvil was the one that experienced the highest growth, tripling its 121,000 lines from December 2016 to the current 503,000. On the other hand, Vodafone increased by 6.2% to 3.3 million lines and a gain of 197,000 lines. Despite this, Orange continues to hold second place with 3.9 million lines and a growth of 30,600 in one year. Movistar resists the momentum of its competitors and loses only 23,600 lines to stand at 5.9 million.

2017 was a year of great changes in the competition of the telcos with MásMóvil as a mobile operator and fixed broadband, and in which Orange and Vodafone added Jazztel and Ono to their customer base and products. A context in which Movistar resisted in fixed broadband and grew in fiber, mobile broadband, and mobile lines.

Fiber optic growth

The data from the CNMC show that fiber optic to the home (FTTH) continues to drive broadband with 1.7 million new lines. In contrast, DSL technology lost 1.2 million lines last year. 51.9% of total FTTH lines correspond to Movistar, with a fleet of 3.4 million lines and 400,000 new additions, although its market share in fiber has been reduced by almost 10 points in a year.

In mobile broadband, the market reached 42.1 million lines, a growth of 6.3% and 2.5 million new lines. Of these, Movistar won the most with 12.6 million lines and an improvement of 8.8% and just over one million. Orange reached 11.4 million and a growth of 2.4% in one year, while Vodafone, with 10.7 million, grew a slight 0.43%.

Movistar increases its mobile lines

In the case of mobile telephone lines, the market reached 52 million lines, this a gain of 858,000. By operator, Movistar reached 15.6 million lines, earning 374,000 subscribers and 2.4%,  Orange reached 13.9 million, losing 185,000 lines and Vodafone at 12.9 million, and 152,000 less in a year. MásMóvil won the most with 741,000 new lines up to 4.9 million, a 17.4% improvement.

On the other hand, in December 2017 the total of fixed lines decreased by 10,498. The month closed with a total of 19.2 million lines, which represents a penetration of 41.4 lines per 100 inhabitants. In the month of December 192,718 fixed numbers were carried, with an increase of 23.3% with respect to the same month of the previous year.

Article Source: https://www.elespanol.com

Posted on by — Leave a comment

Research on WDM-PON load 5G application scenarios and Technologies

WDM-PON Hosting 5G Scenarios

Pre-PASS network schema definition

With the rapid development of mobile internet and the emergence of a variety of new applications such as the Internet of Things, the fifth generation of mobile communications (5G) technology came into being in response to the future explosion of mobile data traffic and massive equipment connectivity. In 2015, ITU-R formally defined three typical application scenarios for 5G: EMBB, MMTC, and URLLC.

EMBB corresponds to 3d/Ultra HD video and other high-traffic mobile broadband services, MMTC corresponds to the large-scale IoT business, and URLLC corresponds to such as driverless, industrial automation and other need for low Singo reliable connection of the business. November 28, 2016, China Mobile released a white paper on C-ran requirements, architecture, and challenges towards 5G.

Figure 1  BBU Research architecture: from 4G single node to 5G CU/DU two-level architecture

The 5G BBU feature will be reconstructed into Cu and du two functional entities (see Figure 1), Cu mainly includes non-real-time wireless high-level protocol stack functions, while supporting part of the core network function sinking and edge application business deployment, du equipment mainly handles the physical layer function and real-time requirements of the Layer 2 function, the front pass is divided into two levels,

First-class prequel and level two prequel.

The presence of CU enables some of the functional centralizations of the original BBU, which is compatible with a fully centralized deployment and also supports distributed DU deployments. The two-level prequel C-ran architecture provides network support for Du pooling or CU pooling. One of the first levels of the prequel is Fronthaul, can support ECPRI and other pre-transmission protocols, the second level of the prequel is also known as Midhaul (Middle pass).

Fronthaul and Midhaul have different latency and bandwidth requirements for different 5G services. 5G Front Pass and return of the large bandwidth requirements, driving the transmission network of large interface requirements, mainly including high-speed Ethernet interface or OTN/DWDM and other transmission interfaces. At the same time, with the new prequel interface definition of ECPRI, the network architecture evolves into a new architecture supporting Du and CU pooling, which presents new opportunities and challenges for wireless access and 5G hosting.

WDM－PON Hosting 5G Scenarios

Figure 2  5G new scene or hotspot scene

When operators have base station location pressure or need to release the Bbu room or dense urban areas need to centrally deploy the Du pool, in which the DU position can be moved up and centrally deployed. Especially for operators with both wired and wireless services, the new scenario is ideal for the WDM-pon of front-pass interfaces. The OLT can take advantage of the access room, centralized deployment of DU, DU pool and Olt common site, for 5G URLLC business, it is recommended that CU also with the OLT, du Common station site. Du pooled co-stations will bring the user-side data transfer path closer to the collaboration requirements between DU, such as comp, and Du and CU common stations, which can make the midhaul disappear, and the 5G ran user face transmission delay is smaller.

Realization of Realization of WDM-PON technology and its significance of 5G carrying technology and its significance of 5G carrying

WDM-PON Architecture:

Figure 3  WDM-PON Architecture

WDM-PON key technologies are currently the main focus: colorless ONU technology, or ITU-T G. 989.2 and CCSA WR WDM-pon standard Explicit adjustable technology to achieve colorless ONU; the other is the Auxiliary Management Channel (AMCC) technology, namely RF Pilot-tone and baseband overmodulation. In WDM-PON scheme, the development of key technologies such as optical module technology, OAM Management, and protection switching plays an important role in the use of WDM-PON’s 5G bearing large planning. The relevant agreements are being discussed and developed in the standard organization.

Front-Pass hosting scheme

Fig. 4  WDM-PON Front transmission networking scheme based on OLT Unified optical Access Platform

WDM-PON OLT Equipment Unified optical Access platform for 5G mobile forward transmission at the same time, support wired optical access business.

5G du or Bbu pool and rru through the WDM-PON passive optical network connection, the realization of the mobile business prequel.

Wdm-pon as a 5G prequel program reflects the following technical features: 1.

Wdm-pon technology delay is small, can provide a separate network and the business performance guarantee for 5G, enterprise and business services; 2.

Large bandwidth, support per channel 10G and 25G rate, can meet the bandwidth requirements of the 25G ECPRI front transmission signal; 3. High transmission efficiency. Embodied in two aspects, one is exclusive bandwidth without DBA scheduling, logic Point-to-point.

The other is the management aspect, the use of AMCC signal tuning technology, management channel overlay at each wavelength, no omcc reservation, no Gemport resource reservation caused by waste.

Wdm-pon as a 5G prequel scheme will also embody value in engineering applications: 1. The WDM-PON programme is suitable for the coverage of densely populated urban neighborhoods.

Because of the “natural tree-shaped cable topology”, “Solid shift fusion business”, “dense coverage”. 2. You can share existing fiber base settings. 5G network deployment requires a large number of optical fiber resources, network architecture based on passive optical network point-to-multipoint tree network topology, can save a lot of fiber optic wiring resources.

At present, FTTx fiber network covers a wide range, line, and port resources are abundant, fully utilized, can reduce the cost of 5G network deployment, reduce duplication of investment, improve the utilization of current network resources, fast and perfect 5G network intensive coverage. 3.

Multiple wavelengths are converged by AWG and distributed to branch fiber transmissions, saving a large number of backbone fiber resources. 4. AWG has a smaller loss than power Splitter.

In the case of equivalent ODN networking, using AWG to replace more split means a farther transmission distance. 5. 5G and wired access can share room resources, such as local pop access points.

In particular, the machine room based on AO Reconstruction can play a comprehensive network, the advantages of flat investment. 6. Can share the OLT, to achieve access to home users, enterprise users and 5G base station in the same access.

Further, improve equipment utilization, save network equipment deployment costs, reduce computer room and other resource requirements. 7. After du pooling, it is helpful to realize the co-construction and sharing of wireless and wired access resources, and to build a future-oriented fixed-shift converged network. Including the integration of fixed-shift control surface, the realization of certification, billing and user information unification, etc., to achieve solid shift surface fusion UPF fixed-platform equipment, but also to achieve solid storage resource fusion, such as Cdn, mec resources.

2 WDM-PON standard progress and Operator’s appeal At present, the WDM-PON standard mainly studies the single wavelength 10G rate below (1.25G/2.5g/10g) of the WDM-PON system. When the single-wave rate is up to 10G, the mainstream technology of WDM-PON colorless ONU is adjustable technology. Standard organizations are beginning to focus on the application of WDM-PON in 5G, especially the WDM-PON system single-wave 25G rate. ITU-T G. Sup

The 5GP discussion group is advancing and discussing 25G WDM-PON. Since 2017, international operators have studied WDM-PON as a key program for the 5G prequel. French orange, the current network is mostly D-ran, C-ran not much, 5G C-ran, consider the CU in Ng-pop Point, 5G forward closely concerned and research WDM-PON. German-electric DT, considering C-ran, cu/du separation, CU concentrated in the convergence layer. WDM-PON is interested in the prequel. Aussie Telstra, for C-ran prequel, compares active DWDM and WDM-PON schemes. The country’s three major operators, China Telecom Research Institute actively promote WDM-PON testing and trial commercial; Chinese Unicom to 5G carrying the main push G. Metro, WDM-PON is technically similar and can be used as a simplified version of G. Metro, China Mobile to 5G carrying the main push flexed, WDM-PON can be integrated with it.

Article source: C114.net

Posted on by — Leave a comment

ITU-T launches 40G passive optical network standard

ITU-T has launched the 40Gbps Passive Optical Network (NG-PON2) g.989 series of standards, and the development of the next generation of passive optical networks (Ng-pon) has taken another big step forward.

ITU-T’s first modification of ITU-T g.989.2 is an updated revision of the NG-PON2 Physical layer specification. This is a landmark development for service providers. Service providers are now watching NG-PON2 the use of more than 10Gbps of broadband access for businesses and potential home users.

Ng-pon2 is closely followed by 1G G-PON (ITU-T g.984 series) and 10G XG-PON1 (ITU-T g.987 series) with enhanced performance such as multi-wavelength operation, transceiver and receiver ONU wavelength adjustable. Based on multi-wavelength and point-to-multipoint architectures, the main solution for Ng-pon2 is time and wavelength division multiplexing PON (TWDM-PON).

In fact, the TWDM-PON is made up of four to eight wavelengths in two directions, with a maximum rate of 80Gbps in each direction. For service providers, by deploying Ng-pon2, they can reuse the fiber distribution network (ODN) used for previous generations of Pons deployments.

In addition, the wavelength of Ng-pon2 allows GPON (ITU-T g.984 series) and Xg-pon1 (ITU-T g.987 series) to coexist. For the industry as a whole, it is still in its early stages.

Some service providers are either building infrastructure to take advantage of NG-PON or conducting on-site testing with selected customers. At least three major service providers, including Verizon, Vodafone, and Energia, conducted ng-pon field tests in 2015.

Article source: People’s post and telecommunications newspaper